Basic introduction Chinese scientific name: Dioscorea zingiberensis Latin scientific name: Dioscorea zingiberensis alias: Dioscorea zingiberensis, Rhizosphere of Polygonum multiflorum: phylum: Angiosperma Magnoliophyta: Monocotyledon Liliopsida: Dioscoreaceae: Dioscoreaceae: Dioscorea species: Dioscorea zingiberensis Distribution: Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan. Basic information, resource survey, characters, botanical characteristics, growth environment, function, functional indications, morphological characteristics, cultivation techniques, reproduction, chemical composition, geographical distribution, value and efficacy, current situation, factors affecting saponin content, extraction of diosgenin, content determination, and the basic information comes from Dioscorea zingiberensis, a plant of Dioscoreaceae, which is used as medicine by rhizomes. Excavate in spring and autumn, clean the soil and dry in the sun. Textual research on the Latin name Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright's name of Dioscorea zingiberensis; the nature and taste of Dioscorea zingiberensis, Rhizoma Coptidis, Radix Rehmanniae, and wild ginger are sweet, bitter and cool. This species is a poisonous plant included in the plant atlas database of China, and its toxicity is reflected by the people that the rhizome has nourishing effect, but excessive consumption can cause dizziness, dizziness and other poisoning symptoms; Mashed roots can poison fish. General situation of resources Dioscorea zingiberensis is a herbaceous twining vine of Dioscorea L., a monocotyledonous plant of Angiospermaceae. There are 10 genera and 650 species of Dioscorea in the world, with about 600 species of Dioscorea, which are widely distributed in tropical areas and a few species distributed in subtropical and temperate regions. Among them, there are 136 species of plants containing diosgenin, and 41 species with the content above 1%. There are more than 80 species of Dioscorea in China, among which 17 species are rich in diosgenin, such as Dioscorea zingiberensis, Dioscorea nipponica, Dioscorea zingiberensis, Dioscorea tenuifolia and so on. The rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis is cylindrical, often with irregular branches, and the branches are different in length, with a diameter of 1.5 ~ 3 cm. The surface is brown and rough, with obvious longitudinal wrinkles and white polka-dot root marks. It is hard, silty and orange in cross section. It tastes bitter. Botanical characteristics Dioscorea zingiberensis is a perennial grass twining vine. Dioscorea zingiberensis Stems are left-handed, sometimes with short spines at the base of branches or petioles. Simple leaves alternate, shield-shaped, with irregular yellow and white stripes on the leaves, shallow wavy edges, and heart-shaped or truncated at the base. Flowers dioecious or homoecious; The male inflorescence is spike-shaped, with 2-3 male flowers clustered, the perianth purplish red and 6 stamens; Female inflorescence racemose spike. The capsule is blue-black after drying. The seeds are chestnut brown and surrounded by thin-film wings. Flowering from May to August, it is born at the edge of the valley forest or bushes on both sides of the stream. Produced in Henan, Hubei, Hunan, Shaanxi, Gansu and Sichuan. Excavated in autumn and dried in the sun, the rhizome is cylindrical, often with irregular branches, and the branches are different in length, with a diameter of 1.5 ~ 3 cm. The surface is brown and rough, with obvious longitudinal wrinkles and white polka-dot root marks. It is hard, silty and orange in cross section. The distribution of Dioscorea zingiberensis is obviously different under different climate, altitude and terrain conditions. Generally, the low mountain valley has obvious characteristics of warm winter, which is its main distribution zone; However, it is rarely distributed in the cold mountains above l500m. Zhu Yanjun and others divided the vertical distribution area of Dioscorea zingiberensis into three sections, and found that the content of diosgenin was the highest in the area above 450m above sea level. Li Chaoyang and other researchers believe that the content of diosgenin in Dioscorea zingiberensis has a certain correlation with the environmental conditions of the population, the most important of which may be the altitude, and the content of diosgenin in the population located in the altitude range of 500 ~ 700 m is relatively high, while the content of diosgenin in the population above or below this altitude range is not high. The results of Xu Chengji's analysis-the samples with high sapogenin content are basically the same between 400 ~ 700 m above sea level. Dioscorea zingiberensis doesn't have strict requirements on soil, and it can grow in all kinds of soil, but it mainly grows in soil with deep humus such as mountain brown soil and mountain yellow soil. Dioscorea zingiberensis likes warm environment and is not tolerant of cold. The optimum growth temperature is 20℃ ~ 25℃. The water condition has an important influence on the distribution, growth and development of Dioscorea zingiberensis. The annual precipitation in its distribution area is between 750 and 1 500 mm, and it grows vigorously and distributes in humid soil environment. The most suitable water condition for the synthesis and accumulation of Dioscorea zingiberensis saponin is the annual precipitation of 800-900 mm, with 850mm being the best. Dioscorea zingiberensis is a photophobe, mainly distributed on sunny slopes, but less distributed on shady slopes or places with poor lighting conditions. The annual sunshine hours are required to be 1750 ~ 2000 h. Because of the wide distribution of Dioscorea zingiberensis, the morphological characters of plants in different regions and populations have changed, and the saponin content in plants has also varied with the changes of environmental conditions. Ecological environment has a great influence on the intraspecific genotypic variation of Dioscorea zingiberensis, and has a significant influence on morphological characters and active ingredient accumulation. Therefore, in order to improve the development benefit of Dioscorea zingiberensis, it is necessary to further study the mechanism of the influence of ecological environment on saponin formation. Function as a raw material of hormone drugs. Function is mainly used for detoxification and detumescence. It is used for carbuncle and furuncle that has not been ulcerated in the early stage, acute purulent infection of skin, soft tissue injury and bee sting. Morphological characteristics: Dioscorea zingiberensis, also known as Dioscorea zingiberensis (British) and Polygonum multiflorum Thunb., is a monocotyledonous plant Dioscorea zingiberensis C.H. Wright, which is the Rhizoma Dioscoreae Zingiberensis C.H. Wright of Dioscorea zingiberensis of Dioscoreaceae. It is a perennial twining herb with underground tubers and rich starch, and the twining stem can be more than 2 meters long. Flowers unisexual, dioecious, spikes drooping; Capsule triangular spherical, with seed wings; Underground rhizome is a famous starch plants, which is also a nourishing food and a medicinal plant. Female Dioscorea with fruit, pendulous fruit sequence, fruit reflexed. Herbaceous twining vines, left-handed stems, sometimes short spines at the base of branches or petioles, simple leaves alternate, shield-shaped, with irregular yellow and white markings on the leaves, shallow wavy edges, heart-shaped or truncated at the base; Flowers dioecious or homoecious; The male inflorescence is spike-shaped, with 2 ~ 3 male flowers clustered, the perianth is purplish red, and the stamens are 6; Female inflorescence racemose spike. After drying, the capsule is blue-black, the seeds are chestnut brown, and it is surrounded by thin-film wings. The flowering period is from May to August. Rhizomes are cylindrical, often with irregular branches with different lengths, with a diameter of 1.5 ~ 3 cm, brown and rough surface, obvious longitudinal wrinkles and white polka-dot root marks, hard, silty, orange in section and bitter in taste. Cultivation techniques 1. The root system of Dioscorea zingiberensis is underdeveloped, distributed shallowly in the soil, and has poor water and fertilizer absorption capacity, so it is neither tolerant of early nor waterlogging. Therefore, the slightly acidic soil with deep soil, rich organic matter, water and fertilizer conservation and irrigation and drainage should be selected for ginger field. Rake carefully and level, and apply sufficient base fertilizer. Second, before planting, cultivate strong buds of ginger seeds, sun-dried ginger seeds should be put into a pool surrounded by bricks and boards, with a layer of grass on the bottom, covered with cane seeds or old blankets, and sprayed with new high-fat film, which can promote the rapid germination of young ginger seeds and the rapid and orderly emergence of seedlings. Third, standardized management Dioscorea zingiberensis is a shallow root crop, so it is not suitable for deep intertillage to avoid root injury. In the seedling stage of Dioscorea zingiberensis, due to heavy rain and lush weeds, shallow intertillage should be carried out in time to prevent root injury and seedling injury and keep the soil loose and breathable. In the critical period of the growth and development of Dioscorea zingiberensis, spraying Gendaling, the product of photosynthesis (nutrition) on the leaf surface is transported to the root system, which improves the nutrient conversion rate and soil loosening ability, makes the rhizome expand rapidly and greatly improves the medicinal content. 4. Pests and diseases control of Dioscorea zingiberensis can make the plant weak, the disease resistance is poor, and the virus is easy to infect. It is necessary to spray pesticides to kill insects according to plant protection measures, and at the same time apply new high-fat film to enhance the efficacy; Prepare for wintering and cold resistance in late autumn and early winter to lay the foundation for high yield and income in the coming year. Reproduction of Dioscorea zingiberensis 1 adopts seed reproduction and rhizome reproduction, namely sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction. Huang Chunhong and others found that the content of diosgenin should not be the primary index when evaluating whether a germplasm is suitable for cultivation, but whether the germplasm content can be inherited stably is the most important index. Seed propagation is best in May-July, and the growth period is longer, and it can only be used for industry after 4 years. Seed propagation can select excellent single plants with high content of effective components, high yield and strong resistance, so as to improve the quality of Dioscorea zingiberensis. Rootstock propagation and autumn planting are the best. Rootstock with strong vitality and no plant diseases and insect pests is selected as seed rootstock, which can be harvested after growing for 2-3 years. The operation is simple, the plants grow freely and the seedling rate is high. Tissue culture technology of Dioscorea zingiberensis leaves 2 is an effective way for seedling production and variety cultivation, and also an effective way for industrialized saponin production. Diosgenin is mainly distributed in rhizome, which is mainly composed of periderm, basic tissue and vascular bundles scattered in basic tissue. The division and volume increase of periderm cells make rhizome grow rapidly, and diosgenin is mainly distributed in parenchyma cells of basic tissue. Using plant tissue culture technology to propagate Dioscorea plants can not only preserve germplasm resources, but also rapidly propagate excellent varieties, which can not only solve the problem of provenance, but also effectively prevent germplasm degradation. Since the mid-1970s, China has been using tissue culture technology for rapid propagation and variety improvement of Dioscorea zingiberensis. The callus induction frequency of different parts of Dioscorea zingiberensis was studied by the somatic cell research group of Sichuan Institute of Biology. The results showed that if young stems and leaves were used as materials, the induction frequency was generally higher, which were 57.97%, 83.14% respectively. The frequency of induction with block (root) stems is low, only 1.78%. Xu Xiangli summarized the research on tissue culture of Dioscorea plants, and concluded that whether callus can be induced is closely related to the choice of culture medium and hormone ratio. The commonly used culture medium is MS or improved MS, Nitsch, B, White and so on. In addition, pH, temperature, light and other factors also affect the formation of callus. In recent years, the research in the field of producing natural products by cell culture technology is very active and has attracted more and more attention. The content of secondary metabolites in plant cell culture was greatly improved by changing culture medium and culture conditions, selecting high-yield cell lines, adding precursors and adjusting synthesis pathways. In China, studies on continuous cell culture of Dioscorea zingiberensis with high saponin content have been carried out. Ren Jianwei et al. studied the solid culture and cell suspension culture of dedifferentiated callus of Dioscorea zingiberensis. It was found that the biomass of cells grew fastest and the substance accumulated fastest in the culture during 7 ~ 21 days, and its saponin content increased with the growth of cells, but the peak time was later than that of cell growth, and the saponin content of cells and the saponin content available per liter of culture medium were higher at 30 ~ 35 days, that is, the relationship between the yield of useful substances and cell growth was delayed. The suitable medium for callus growth and saponin production was selected. In addition, they also carried out cell immobilization culture. The results showed that the free Dioscorea zingiberensis cells did not secrete saponin into the culture medium. However, after immobilized culture for a long time, there was secretion but it could not last. Fixing Dioscorea zingiberensis cells with sodium alginate is a simple method, and the formed colloidal beads are uniform and stable for a long time, and can also be reused for many times. The rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis contains 1.1 ~ 16.15% diosgenin, about 45% starch, 40% cellulose, and some water-soluble glycosides, alkaloids, flavonoids and glycosides. Liu Jianben and others studied the extraction and properties of the pigment from the rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis. The results showed that the pigment of Dioscorea zingiberensis had strong ultraviolet absorption, good heat resistance and light resistance, Fe3+, Cu2+ and Hg2+all had certain color enhancement effects on the pigment, and acid and alkali had great influence on the pigment, which provided a new way for comprehensive utilization. Diosgenin consists of sugar and aglycone. In order to locate saponins, Guo Yongbing and others divided the rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis into five sections, and studied the distribution of diosgenin. It was found that the diosgenin content at the top of tender stem was the highest, followed by the pumping section, followed by the tender stem section, followed by the old stem section and the bottom section, and the content of fibrous root and the basal section of aboveground stem was very low. Diosgenin is also called saponin. It is the raw material for synthesizing more than 300 kinds of steroid hormones and contraceptives in the world. Liu Chenglai and Chen Yanyong separated and extracted Dioscorea zingiberensis by TLC (different developing agents) and paper chromatography. Results Two kinds of water-insoluble trisaccharides and two kinds of water-soluble tetrasaccharides were separated from the rhizome, and were analyzed and identified by acetylation, acid hydrolysis, enzymolysis, calculation of molar optical rotation difference, infrared spectrum, mass spectrum, hydrogen spectrum and carbon spectrum. They are ① epi *** ilagenin, ② trillin, with the structure of 3-O-(β-D- glucopyranose)-diosgenin [3-o-(β-d-glucopyranose)-diosgenin]. The structure is 3-0-[β-D- glucopyranose (1→4)-β-D- glucopyranose] diosgenin {3-o-[β-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → 4)-β-d-glucopyranosyl]. The structure is 3-O-{β-D-glucopyranose (1→3)-[a-L- rhampyranose (1→2)]- β-D- glucopyranose} diosgenin (3-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl). Dioscorea zingiberensis flower in order to study the original saponin of Dioscorea zingiberensis and explore its activity, In 1985, they separated the methanol extract from fresh roots by dry column method to obtain ⑤ diosgenin palmitate, ⑤ β-sitosterol, gracillin and ⑤ protogracillin. And 8 protozingiberensis saponin, among which protozingiberensis saponin is a newly discovered compound. The structures of the two protosaponins were identified as ⑦3-O-{β-D- glucopyranose (1→3)-[a-L- rhamnose (1→2)]-β-D- glucopyranose }-26-O-{β-D- glucopyranose. -β-D- glucopyranose }-26-O-{β-D- glucopyranose}-diosgenin {3-o-{a-l-rhamnopynosyl (1 → 3)-[β-d-glucopyranosyl (1 → Tang Shirong and Wu Yufen separated two kinds of water-insoluble trisaccharides (A and B) and two kinds of water-soluble tetrasaccharides (C and D) from the root of Dioscorea zingiberensis. ⑨A is a new saponin, tentatively named A(zingiberenin A, and its structure is diosgenin -3-O-[β-D- glucopyranose (1→2)]-O-[a-L- rhampyranose (1 → 3)]- Tang Shirong and Jiang Zhidong separated the aerial parts of Dioscorea zingiberensis by extraction, decoloration, silica gel column chromatography and reverse column chromatography, and obtained four kinds of saponins mainly containing Yamsapogenin, namely, zingiberoside A1, A 2, A 3 (zingiberoside A1, A2, A3) and ramosides IV. The first three kinds are new compounds. They are 3-o-[a-l-rhamnose (1→2)]-β-D- glucopyranoside, 3-o-[a-l-rhamnose (1 → 2)] and 3-o-[a-l-rhamnose]. }-β-D- glucopyranoside, in which the aglycone of scutellaside A2 is a new steroidal sapogenin, named zingiberogenin. The fourth one is 3-O-{a-L-rhamnose (1→2)-[β-D- glucopyranose (1→3)]}-β-D- glucopyranose. This is different from the situation that the underground part mainly contains diosgenin. The geographical distribution of Dioscorea zingiberensis specimens is found in valleys, forest edges or shrubs on both sides of streams; It is mainly distributed in hilly and cold mountainous areas with an altitude of more than 300 meters in eight provinces, cities and districts such as Hubei, Sichuan, Shaanxi, Liaoning, Kyrgyzstan and Heilongjiang. Over the years, people have plundered the wild resources of Dioscorea zingiberensis without plans, which has led to the gradual depletion of this species. Therefore, the steroid plants in China are about to face the shortage of raw materials, which will seriously threaten the development of steroid medicine industry in China. Using asexual propagation technology, through years of experiments and artificial cultivation, we have achieved successful experience. Therefore, it is imperative to cultivate Dioscorea zingiberensis artificially in a large area. The distribution value effect of Dioscorea zingiberensis Turcz. Its rhizome and fruit can be directly used as medicine, and it has the effect of eliminating dampness, clearing heat and detoxifying. It has been found that Dioscorea zingiberensis can extract 120 components and an expensive steroid hormone-sapogenin, which cannot be synthesized in large quantities in industry. In addition, rhizomes contain 50% starch, which can be used for citric acid, wine-making and alcohol production, and agricultural nucleic acids can be extracted from alcohol water and waste acid solution. The polyester processing products of saponin, such as diene, cysteamine acid and anhydrous cysteamine acid, are also important products for China to earn foreign exchange through export. The international market is very tight, and foreign businessmen are rushing to place orders, so the economic price of Dioscorea zingiberensis is very high and the development prospect is very considerable. Dioscin is contained in the rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis, which is used as the raw material of hormone drugs. Sapogenin accounts for about 30 species in the world, accounting for more than 1%, while there are about 50 species in China, of which 17 species, 1 subspecies and 2 varieties contain sapogenin, accounting for more than 50% of the plants containing sapogenin in the world, with the content as high as 16.15%, which is higher than that of Dioscorea nipponica Thunb. Dioscorea zingiberensis is an ideal and important raw material for extracting steroid hormone drugs. A variety of steroid hormone drugs can be obtained by reforming sapogenin (commonly known as saponin) and its steroid structural compounds. The original products extracted from the rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis are several thousand kinds of intermediates or drugs, such as soap androsterone, progesterone acetate (monoester), prednisone, cortisone series, oxytocin, birth control pills, etc. In short, with Dioscorea zingiberensis as raw material, it can be synthesized and transformed into a series of products that are especially needed by the national economy and people's livelihood, such as sex hormones, protein anabolic steroid and corticosteroids, so it is called "medicinal gold" in the medical field, and it has been popular in the United States, Germany and Germany except for domestic needs. Besides sapogenin, Dioscorea zingiberensis contains 45-50% starch, which can be used in brewing industry to produce alcohol, yeast powder, inosine powder, glucose, etc. Carboxymethyl cellulose can be produced by containing 40 ~ 50% cellulose. The waste liquid from saponin extraction can extract agricultural nucleic acid and is a high-quality fertilizer. Rhizomes are also widely used in medicine, food, high-grade cosmetics, veterinary drugs and other industries. For example, rhizomes are directly used as medicine, which has the effects of eliminating dampness, clearing away heat and detoxifying. They are used by the people to treat acute purulent infection of the skin, soft tissue injury, bee stings, insect bites and various surgical inflammations, as well as to strengthen the body and bones. Water-soluble active substances can produce Guanxinning, which is used to treat coronary heart disease with good effect and little side effects. Di 'ao Xinxuekang, developed by Chengdu Institute of Biology, has a good effect on regulating metabolism, treating arteriosclerosis and cardiovascular diseases, and sells well in domestic and foreign markets. In addition, the Wuhan Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences found that the active substance of Dioscorea zingiberensis is an ideal drug for killing snails and preventing schistosomiasis, which not only has a good snail control effect, but also does not pollute the environment and maintain ecological balance. At present, its tubers have high medicinal and chemical value. After processing, it can be used to extract saponin, Shuangxi and other medical and chemical products. It is an essential component of hormone drugs and is known as the "mother of hormones". It is widely used in cosmetics, health care, contraception and analgesia, anesthesia and other drugs, and it is a kind of medicinal material with stable market demand. And the saponin produced in China accounts for 50% of the world. In recent twenty years, with the popularization of the family planning policy and the widespread use of hormone drugs, the demand for diosgenin (saponin) in the international and domestic markets is increasing day by day, and the purchase price of Dioscorea zingiberensis has been rising all the way, and the price of saponin has also risen again and again. Moreover, most saponin production enterprises are underemployed due to the lack of raw materials. There are many factors that affect the saponin content of Dioscorea zingiberensis. Besides the environmental factors discussed above, there are some other factors. Jiang Zhaohui and others studied the change law of sapogenin content during the growth period of Dioscorea zingiberensis, and thought that the peak of saponin accumulation in rhizome was budding and full flowering, and it decreased obviously after the fruiting period. From August to September, when the rhizome grew obviously, the content increased to some extent, and then decreased in the withering period of 10 and 110. The content of sapogenin in 2-year-old was significantly higher than that in 1-year-old. The suitable harvest time should be the withering period in the second year or the budding and flowering period in the third year. Ding Zhizun and others believe that the saponin content of Dioscorea zingiberensis is generally high from germination stage to flowering stage, and gradually decreases from fruiting stage to initial wilting stage; The saponin content of old rhizome is higher than that of new rhizome; Rhizomes with high water content also have high saponin content. Li Chaoyang and other researchers believe that there is also a certain correlation between the content of sapogenin in Dioscorea zingiberensis and the width of leaves. The average content of sapogenin in wide-leaf type is high, while that in long-leaf type is low. There seems to be a certain correlation between the content of sapogenin and the flowering time. The average content of sapogenin in the population that blooms from June to July is higher, while the average content of sapogenin in the population that does not bloom earlier than June or that year is lower. Tan Yuanyou and others found that the content of sapogenin in male plants of Dioscorea zingiberensis was higher than that in female plants. The longer the planting period, the higher the content of sapogenin, and the highest content of samples collected in June 5438+October. These studies have laid a theoretical foundation for the rational development and utilization of Dioscorea zingiberensis. Generally speaking, the factors affecting the content of Dioscorea zingiberensis mainly include environmental factors such as distribution area, altitude, soil, moisture, temperature and light, as well as self-factors such as plant differences, growth time, growth period, flowering time, water content and morphology of rhizomes. Diosgenin extracted from Dioscorea zingiberensis is the ligand of diosgenin in Dioscorea, which mainly exists in the cell wall in the form of diosgenin combined with cellulose. Diosgenin is a derivative of isospirstane, which exists in plants in the form of diosgenin, that is, it is connected with sugar chain through saponin bond at C3 position and then closely connected with plant cell wall. Because of the structural characteristics of diosgenin and its existing form in plants, the steps of extracting diosgenin are determined: firstly, it must be separated from the plant cell wall, and then the glycoside bond between diosgenin and sugar is broken to make diosgenin free. Using its lipophilicity, it is extracted with acetone or petroleum ether, and it is extracted with high-grade gasoline in industry. 1 Direct Acid Hydrolysis Acid hydrolysis is to break the glycoside bond to generate aglycone and sugar. The traditional method of extracting diosgenin is Rothrock method, that is, the rhizome of Dioscorea zingiberensis is directly hydrolyzed into aglycone with sulfuric acid, and then diosgenin is extracted with organic solvent. Guo Wensong and others reported that using hydrochloric acid as hydrolysis acid is better than sulfuric acid, the process is simple, and the effect is not much different. At the same time, when using hydrochloric acid as hydrolysis solution, the yield of aglycone hydrolyzed by pressure method is higher than that by normal pressure method, but the disadvantage is that hydrochloric acid seriously corrodes stainless steel equipment. Because of the complexity of diosgenin in plant storage, direct acid hydrolysis can only extract 1/4 diosgenin, and this method takes a lot of time, and the yield of diosgenin is low, which is prone to danger because of the use of solvent gasoline. In addition, the starch, cellulose and other components in Dioscorea zingiberensis were also destroyed in the process of acid hydrolysis and could not be used, so the process was not ideal. 2 Pre-fermentation method It is generally believed that pre-fermentation method can improve the yield of diosgenin. Pre-fermentation methods include natural fermentation, enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation. Wang Yuanlan reported that the dry powder of medicinal materials was soaked in distilled water and fermented in a thermostat at 39℃. The extraction conditions were screened out, that is, fermentation for 48 h, hydrolysis for 4 h, pH=7, reflux speed for 25min/ time, and the extraction rate of sapogenin reached the optimal value of 3.358%. It is also reported that adding pectinase, emulsin and plant growth hormone 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetic acid and indole -3- acetic acid in the fermentation process can improve the yield. The fermentation of Dioscorea zingiberensis with Aspergillus Niger strain can also improve the yield. This process not only improves the yield of saponins, but also has mild reaction conditions, and maintains the original physical and chemical properties of effective components. However, there are many factors affecting the natural fermentation method, and the product quality is unstable. 3 Processing Dioscorea plants by separation Liu Guoliang reported that plant fiber and starch were first separated from Dioscorea zingiberensis, and then diosgenin was extracted from the rest by natural fermentation. Compared with the conventional method of natural fermentation without separating plant fiber and starch, this method can increase the yield of diosgenin by 5%. Study on the Technology of Supercritical CO2 Extraction of Diosgenin Ge Fahuan et al reported the study of extracting Diosgenin from Dioscorea zingiberensis by supercritical CO2 extraction. The conditions for extracting Diosgenin were as follows: extraction pressure 29 MPa, temperature 55℃; The first separation method is that the pressure is 10MPa and the temperature is 60℃; The second separation method is pressure 5.6 MPa and temperature 45℃; The pressure of the separation column is 18 MPa, the temperature is 70℃, and the CO2 flow rate is 12kg; per kilogram of raw material per hour; The extraction time is 3h; The entrainer is medicinal alcohol. Compared with the traditional gasoline method, the yield is increased by 1.5 times, the production cycle is greatly shortened, the danger of flammability and explosion caused by using gasoline is avoided, and the cost is not much different. However, there is a disadvantage that the equipment investment is too large at one time. In addition, the yield of diosgenin can also be improved by breaking the cell wall with ultrasound. Although the process of extracting diosgenin by direct heating with hydrochloric acid-acetone/ethanol mixture can save materials and shorten the process, the comprehensive utilization of resources is insufficient, and the application of this process in actual production has not been reported. Determination of the content of Dioscorea zingiberensis has a wide range of pharmacological activities. The diosgenin contained in Dioscorea zingiberensis is an important raw material for the synthesis of steroid hormones, and its main component saponin has the functions of relieving cough, relieving asthma, lowering cholesterol, preventing arteriosclerosis and resisting cancer, etc. However, due to the complex composition of saponin in plants and the difficulty in separation, it is difficult to quantify it. At present, the content of diosgenin hydrolyzed by acid is used as the determination index to control the quality of Dioscorea zingiberensis. There are many methods to determine the content of diosgenin, such as gravimetric method, colorimetric method, Coulomb method and TLC scanning method. Modern methods include gas chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography.